Cyber Hate in Russia has two main targets within the country. The first is labour migrants (primarily from Central Asia), who are often conflated in hate speech with Russian citizens of non-Slavic origin – making the concept of “migrants” in Russia more racial than legal. The second main target is individuals who do not conform to the ideal of moral conservatism, particularly LGBT+ people.  Cyber Hate in Russia can be described across three levels: state propaganda (actively disseminated online), agitation by legal nationalist organisations, and agitation by illegal militant far-right groups. At all three levels, hate speech is directly linked to real-world discriminatory actions. 

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